Contradictory descriptions from previous studies were considered and discussed in comparison with our own observations. The behaviours were further described regarding a presumed purpose, particularly with respect to social interactions and sexual behaviour. The resulting ethogram lists 65 different behavioural patterns, which were described and grouped into seven categories: General activities, Abnormal repetitive behaviours, General interactions, Bull-Cow behaviour, Bull-Bull behaviour, Cow-Bull behaviour, Maternal behaviours, and Interactions by calves.
In order to facilitate current and future studies on giraffe behaviour, a comprehensive ethogram was compiled based on existing literature, as well as observations on giraffes in the wild (Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Entabeni Game Reserve, South Africa), and in captivity (National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria). suboptimal housing conditions for animals in captivity might lead to behavioural alterations as part of the overall adaptation process to the changing living conditions. Numerous factors like continuous habitat reduction or fragmentation for free-ranging giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis) as well as e.g. Seeber, Peter A Ciofolo, Isabelle Ganswindt, André Macroscopic visualization of the major limb joints, including the femorotibial joints, is therefore encouraged in future postmortem examinations of giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis), and further assessment of clinical significance is required.īehavioural inventory of the giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis). This finding has not previously been reported in giraffes. The gross appearance suggested a diagnosis of bilateral osteochondrosis that was confirmed with histopathologic examination. These lesions were subsequently examined macroscopically and histologically. During radiologic examination of the hindlimbs, osseous cyst-like lesions were detected in both medial femoral condyles. OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN THE DISTAL FEMURS OF AN ADULT RETICULATED GIRAFFE ( GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA): MACROSCOPIC, RADIOLOGIC, AND HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS.īasu, Christopher Stoll, Alexander L Dixon, Jonathon Molenaar, Fieke Marije Flach, Edmund Smith, Ken CĪn adult male reticulated giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) was presented for postmortem examination. © 2014 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. 70% not to genus, revealing that the giraffe rumen hosts a variety of previously undescribed bacteria. However, up to 21% of the generated sequences could not been assigned to any known bacterial phyla, and c.
The giraffe rumen contained large levels of the phyla of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes independent of diet, while Prevotella, Succinclasticium, and Methanobrevibacter accounted for the largest abundant taxonomic assigned genera. The microbial community composition varied according to diet, but differed little between the ruminal fluid and solid fraction. Here, we investigated the microbial community of seven wild-caught giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis), three of which were fed natural browse and four were fed Boskos pellets, leafy alfalfa hay, and cut savanna browse, by characterizing the 16S rRNA gene diversity using 454 FLX high-throughput sequencing. Recent studies have shown that wild ruminants are sources of previously undescribed microorganisms, knowledge of which can improve our understanding of the complex microbial interactions in the foregut. Roggenbuck, Michael Sauer, Cathrine Poulsen, Morten Bertelsen, Mads F Sørensen, Søren J The giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis) rumen microbiome. giraffae may not be an unusual parasite of the giraffe and that it does not necessarily cause detrimental liver disease. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the nematode M.
Contrary to this, all seven giraffes investigated in the present study were clinically healthy. The giraffes were infected with Monodontella giraffae, previously associated with lethal infections in captive okapis (Okapia johnstoni) and giraffes. Postmortem examination of seven wild-caught southern giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) from Namibia demonstrated focal discoloration, biliary thickening, and peribiliary fibrosis affecting mainly the left liver lobe. Monodontella giraffae infection in wild-caught southern giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa).īertelsen, Mads F Østergaard, Kristine Monrad, Jesper Brøndum, Emil T Baandrup, Ulrik
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